\u201eWahr spricht, wer Schatten spricht.\u201c
\n\u201eVorbe\u015fte-adev\u0103r cine umbr\u0103 vorbe\u015fte.\u201c
\n(Paul Celan)<\/p>\n
De nenum\u0103rate ori, pe parcursul Operelor Complete, Jung define\u015fte umbra ca personalitate inferioar\u0103. Umbra trebuie \u00een\u0163eleas\u0103 ca inferioritate personal\u0103 \u00een contrast cu superioritatea idealului Eului propus de persona. Afi\u015f\u0103m persona \u015fi ascundem umbra. Jung folose\u015fte no\u0163iunile freudiene de refulare (Verdr\u00e4ngung) \u015fi rezisten\u0163\u0103 (Widerstand) pentru a semnala mecanismul evazionist al umbrei: \u201eDin punctul de vedere unilateral al atitudinii con\u015ftiin\u0163ei, umbra este o parte inferioar\u0103 a personalit\u0103\u0163ii \u015fs.a.\u0163, refulat\u0103 din acest motiv prin rezisten\u0163\u0103 intens\u0103\u201c. Con\u0163inutul umbrei este pentru Eu inadmisibil: \u201eFigura umbrei personific\u0103 tot ceea ce subiectul nu vrea s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103\u201c. Nu m\u0103 recunosc \u00een umbr\u0103, nu sunt eu \u00eensumi \u00een ea \u2013 umbra este fratele meu ascuns \u015fi renegat, umbra este \u201eceea ce un individ nu vrea s\u0103 fie\u201c.
\nMai mult, umbra poate fi definit\u0103 ca latura \u00eentunecat\u0103 \u201ealc\u0103tuit\u0103 nu doar din mici sl\u0103biciuni \u015fi defecte de frumuse\u0163e, ci dintr-o dinamic\u0103 de-a dreptul demonic\u0103\u201c. Umbra, \u00een\u0163eleas\u0103 ca \u201einima \u00eentunecat\u0103 (heart of darkness) din interiorul eului\u201c (Stein), este demonul nostru interior pe care l-am consemnat \u00een subsolul fiin\u0163ei \u015fi care poate oric\u00e2nd s\u0103 evadeze fulger\u0103tor \u015fi s\u0103 reverbereze de sub masc\u0103. Ne este fric\u0103 de propria interioritate, de aceea fugim de noi \u00een\u015fine \u00een persona, \u00een impersonalul \u201ese\u201c sau reaua-credin\u0163\u0103. Dar persona este o fals\u0103 oglindire, \u00een timp ce \u201eumbra este un soi de … contra-persona\u201c (Stein). Umbra, \u201elatura \u00eentunecat\u0103, netr\u0103it\u0103 \u015fi reprimat\u0103 a complexului Eului\u201c (Franz), \u201epartea personalit\u0103\u0163ii care a fost refulat\u0103 de dragul idealului Eului\u201c (Whitmont), este prima achizi\u0163ie pe calea individua\u0163iei. \u201eNu exist\u0103 nici o dezvoltare, dac\u0103 nu este acceptat\u0103 umbra\u201c.
\nDac\u0103 persona este interfa\u0163a dintre Eu \u015fi lume, umbra va fi \u2013 \u00een accep\u0163iune jungian\u0103 \u2013 interfa\u0163a dintre Eu \u015fi Sine. Dincolo de persona st\u0103 lumea exterioar\u0103, dincoace de umbr\u0103 \u2013 propria noastr\u0103 sineitate. Cine suntem de fapt? \u201eWe are not who we think we are\/ We are who we\u2019re afraid to be\u201c (Lux Occulta). Este o experien\u0163\u0103 \u201ezguduitoare\u201c s\u0103 ne recunoa\u015ftem demonismul interior, s\u0103 ne uit\u0103m \u201e\u00een ochii r\u0103ului absolut\u201c, s\u0103 spunem Tat Twam Asi \u201epocitaniei\u201c pe care o \u0163inem \u00een les\u0103. Este un exerci\u0163iu de inteligen\u0163\u0103 s\u0103 ne recunoa\u015ftem propria prostie \u015fi un exerci\u0163iu de bun-sim\u0163 s\u0103 ne recunoa\u015ftem \u201epropriul Hlestakov\u201c, antieroul gogolian de care ne deta\u015f\u0103m doar cu rea-credin\u0163\u0103: \u00een fiecare dintre noi se zbate un antierou.
\nJung avertizeaz\u0103, \u00een mod repetat c\u0103 umbra corespunde incon\u015ftientului personal freudian: \u201eIncon\u015ftientul personal con\u0163ine amintiri pierdute, reprezent\u0103ri nepl\u0103cute, refulate (inten\u0163ionat uitate), a\u015fa-numitele percep\u0163ii subliminale, adic\u0103 percep\u0163ii senzoriale care nu au fost suficient de puternice ca s\u0103 ating\u0103 con\u015ftiin\u0163a \u015fi, \u00een fine, con\u0163inuturi care nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103 mature ca s\u0103 intre \u00een con\u015ftiin\u0163\u0103. Incon\u015ftientul personal corespunde figurii umbrei care apare deseori \u00een vise\u201c.
\nAm putea spune, cu un termen mai tehnic (din cea de-a doua teorie freudian\u0103 despre psihic) c\u0103 umbra corespunde Se-ului lui Freud (\u00een german\u0103 das Es, \u00een englez\u0103 id \u015fi \u00een francez\u0103 \u00e7a). Se-ul \u201eeste partea obscur\u0103, inaccesibil\u0103 a personalit\u0103\u0163ii noastre\u201c. \u201eNe apropiem de Se prin compara\u0163ii, \u00eel numim un haos, un cazan plin de excita\u0163ii clocotinde\u201c, observ\u0103 Freud, amintind de defini\u0163ia schopenhauerian\u0103 a voin\u0163ei. \u201e\u00cen sine \u00eens\u0103\u015fi, voin\u0163a este un impuls la fel de s\u0103lbatic \u015fi de nest\u0103vilit precum for\u0163a ce se manifest\u0103 \u00een c\u0103derea unei cascade \u2013 ba chiar, a\u015fa cum \u015ftim, \u00een str\u0103fundul ei este identic\u0103 cu aceasta\u201c. Umbra ar fi deci \u201eun cazan plin de excita\u0163ii clocotinde\u201c, o metafor\u0103 pentru imensul rezervor energetic care se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een incon\u015ftient.
\nUmbra con\u0163ine mult\u0103 energie \u015fi este baza vitalit\u0103\u0163ii noastre. Un individ foarte cultivat cu o umbr\u0103 la fel de puternic\u0103 are o mare putere personal\u0103. William Blake vorbea de nevoia de a reconcilia aceste dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u0163i ale Sinelui. El spunea c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 mergem \u00een rai pentru form\u0103 \u015fi \u00een iad pentru energie (s.n.) \u2013 \u015fi s\u0103 le unific\u0103m. Atunci c\u00e2nd ne \u00eenfrunt\u0103m raiul interior \u015fi iadul interior, acces\u0103m cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 form\u0103 de creativitate. (Johnson)
\nDup\u0103 Jung, cea de-a patra func\u0163ie, func\u0163ia noastr\u0103 inferioar\u0103 \u2013 cea opus\u0103 func\u0163iei noastre principale \u015fi prin excelen\u0163\u0103 diferen\u0163iate \u2013 se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een umbra noastr\u0103. De aceea, pentru a evolua, trebuie s\u0103 ne str\u0103duim s\u0103 con\u015ftientiz\u0103m incon\u015ftientul, s\u0103 integr\u0103m umbra, s\u0103 accept\u0103m m\u0103nu\u015fa aruncat\u0103 de inferioritatea \u015fi interioritatea noastr\u0103, de demonismul \u015fi anxietatea noastr\u0103 fundamental\u0103. Termenul de integrare a umbrei este prea tare, cred unii din psihologii jungieni: putem spera maximum la acceptarea \u015fi asumarea r\u0103spunderii pentru umbr\u0103 (Kast). Care ar fi, totu\u015fi, deosebirea dintre integrarea umbrei, a\u015fa cum este numit\u0103 de Jung, \u015fi identificarea cu ea? Identificarea cu umbra, pe care Jung crede c\u0103 a diagnosticat-o \u00een cazul personalit\u0103\u0163ii lui Nietzsche, este \u201eun fenomen care se produce cu mare regularitate \u00een astfel de momente de confruntare cu incon\u015ftientul\u201c \u015fi transform\u0103 individul afectat \u201e\u00een erou sau \u00eentr-o fiin\u0163\u0103 asem\u0103n\u0103toare lui Dumnezeu, \u00eei confer\u0103 o grandoare superioar\u0103 omului\u201c. Dac\u0103 integrarea umbrei \u0163ine de o con\u015ftientizare a incon\u015ftientului (o smulgere ale con\u0163inuturilor primitive \u015fi infantile din abisurile incon\u015ftiente, construirea unui Lichtung \u00een inima tenebrelor), identificarea cu umbra va fi \u2013 invers \u2013 o incon\u015ftientizare a con\u015ftientului. Astfel, ea presupune demisia con\u015ftiin\u0163ei, moartea \u201esoarelui\u201c interior, \u00eentunecarea absolut\u0103 ce aminte\u015fte de sentimentul nihilist al capodoperei lui Byron, Darkness:<\/p>\n
\u201eThe bright sun was extinguish\u2019d, and the stars
\nDid wander darkling in the eternal space,
\nRayless, and pathless, and the icy earth
\nSwung blind and blackening in the moonless air;
\nMorn came and went \u2013 and came, and brought no day …
\nA fearful hope was all the world contain\u2019d;
\nForests were set on fire \u2013 but hour by hour
\nThey fell and faded \u2013 and the crackling trunks
\nExtinguish\u2019d with a crash \u2013 and all was black\u201c.<\/p>\n
\u015ei la nivelul culturii pop (\u00een sugestiva pies\u0103 Fade To Black a forma\u0163iei Metallica) g\u0103sim o \u00eentunecare a con\u015ftiin\u0163ei, o infla\u0163ie ca urmare a identific\u0103rii cu umbra, o dizolvare a Eului, ce las\u0103 loc unei subpersonalit\u0103\u0163i alternative care va prelua controlul:<\/p>\n
\u201eThings not what they used to be
\nMissing one inside of me (s.n.)
\nDeathly loss this can\u2019t be real
\nCannot stand this hell I feel
\nEmptiness is filling me
\nTo the point of agony
\nGrowing darkness taking dawn
\nI was me but now, he\u2019s gone\u201c. (s.n.)<\/p>\n
\u201eAm fost Eu, dar acum el (s.n.) a plecat\u201c. Trecerea de la persoana \u00eent\u00e2i la persaona a treia relev\u0103 stranietatea, alienarea, disjunc\u0163ia din structura identit\u0103\u0163ii (eu diferit de eu) care aminte\u015fte de descrierea depersonaliz\u0103rii din poezia Melancolie (\u201e\u015ei c\u00e2nd g\u00e2ndesc la via\u0163a-mi, \u00eemi pare c\u0103 ea cur\u0103\/ \u00cencet repovestit\u0103 de o str\u0103in\u0103 gur\u0103,\/ Ca \u015fi c\u00e2nd n-ar fi via\u0163a-mi, ca \u015fi c\u00e2nd n-a\u015f fi fost\u201c). Vom traduce criza de identitate exprimat\u0103 de versurile forma\u0163iei Metallica astfel: \u201eAm fost Eu, dar acum sunt Umbra\u201c. Am putea redefini starea de identificare cu umbra ca moarte a Eului care este obnubilat \u015fi anihilat de con\u0163inuturile tenebroase ale incon\u015ftientului.
\nRefularea (\u015fi necon\u015ftientizarea) umbrei nu ar fi at\u00e2t de neproductiv\u0103 pentru individ, dac\u0103 umbra ar fi inferioritate pur\u0103 sau dac\u0103 nu ar exista o parte luminoas\u0103 a umbrei \u015fi un rezervor de energie care ne-ar ajuta la dezvoltarea personal\u0103. \u201eUmbra … dispune \u015fi de o serie de calit\u0103\u0163i, \u015fi anume instincte normale, reac\u0163ii adecvate, percep\u0163ii conforme cu realitatea, impulsuri creatoare \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103 altele\u201c. Descoperirea \u015fi integrarea umbrei este un proces simultan cu auto-crea\u0163ia individual\u0103. \u201eUmbra … con\u0163ine \u015fi \u00eensu\u015firi copil\u0103re\u015fti sau primitive care \u00eensufle\u0163esc \u015fi \u00eenfrumuse\u0163eaz\u0103 \u00eentr-un anumit fel existen\u0163a omeneasc\u0103\u201c. Referindu-se \u015fi la poten\u0163ialul imens de libido creator din chtoniana umbr\u0103, Jung afirma c\u0103 \u201eumbra este 90% aur pur\u201c (citat de Sanford). Ne d\u0103m seama c\u0103 umbra este, astfel, o fals\u0103 inferioritate ce con\u0163ine certe poten\u0163ialit\u0103\u0163i de realizare a individua\u0163iei. Invers\u00e2nd un aforism alchimic citat de Jung, vom spune: \u201eFiule, extrage din umbr\u0103 raza ei!\u201c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201eWahr spricht, wer Schatten spricht.\u201c \u201eVorbe\u015fte-adev\u0103r cine umbr\u0103 vorbe\u015fte.\u201c (Paul Celan) De nenum\u0103rate ori, pe parcursul Operelor Complete, Jung define\u015fte umbra ca personalitate inferioar\u0103. Umbra trebuie \u00een\u0163eleas\u0103 ca inferioritate personal\u0103 \u00een contrast cu superioritatea idealului Eului propus de persona. Afi\u015f\u0103m persona \u015fi ascundem umbra. Jung folose\u015fte no\u0163iunile freudiene de refulare (Verdr\u00e4ngung) \u015fi rezisten\u0163\u0103 (Widerstand) pentru… Cite\u0219te mai mult »Umbra jungian\u0103<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[17],"tags":[14973,14974,14971,14972],"class_list":["post-24193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cultura-ideilor","tag-idealul-eului","tag-inima-intunecata","tag-jung","tag-umbra"],"views":2170,"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24193","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24193"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24194,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24193\/revisions\/24194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}