{"id":21436,"date":"2014-12-04T13:24:14","date_gmt":"2014-12-04T11:24:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/?p=21436"},"modified":"2014-12-04T13:24:14","modified_gmt":"2014-12-04T11:24:14","slug":"globalizarea-este-reversibila","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/globalizarea-este-reversibila\/","title":{"rendered":"Globalizarea este reversibil\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u201eNu exist\u0103 nicio ie\u015fire din capcana globaliz\u0103rii\u201c <em>(Ulrich Beck)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Preocupat de Metanarativii actuali (volum \u00een curs de publicare, afl\u0103m), dl. Andrei Marga, \u00een articolele \u00eencredin\u0163ate revistei Cultura, se \u00eentreab\u0103 \u2013 din justificate \u201era\u0163iuni factuale\u201c \u2013 dac\u0103 exist\u0103 un dincolo pentru globalizare (ca \u201eachizi\u0163ie istoric\u0103\u201c, gener\u00e2nd aversiuni \u015fi, desigur, \u201ecosturi insuportabile\u201c), aproape convins, pe urmele lui Alan Greenspan, c\u0103 globalizarea ar fi reversibil\u0103. C\u00e2teva erori, credem, comit cei ce reduc acest fenomen expansiv, \u00een mar\u015f istoric, la dimensiunea lui economic\u0103, privind globalizarea doar ca \u201eextindere la maximum a pie\u0163ei\u201c. Iar maximumul vizat este, negre\u015fit, Lumea. Dup\u0103 cum, \u00eendrept\u0103\u0163it, Andrei Marga nu poate accepta ideea c\u0103 globalizarea ar fi ultima faz\u0103 a Istoriei.<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\nEvident, devine tot mai ap\u0103s\u0103tor-anxioas\u0103 constatarea c\u0103 globalizarea nu poate fi doar o provocare conceptual\u0103. Retorica ei dezinvolt\u0103 nu se poate dezinteresa de gestiunea \u015fi securitatea global\u0103, noi fiind departe de a oferi genera\u0163iilor care vin o lume \u201emai sigur\u0103\u201c, unificat\u0103 sub spectrul spaimelor comune. Dar \u2013 ne \u00eentreb\u0103m \u2013 poate fi controlat\u0103 globalizarea sau este o ideologie f\u0103r\u0103 st\u0103p\u00e2n? \u00cencerc\u00e2nd un r\u0103spuns, Achim Mihu propunea o distinc\u0163ie \u00eentre globalizare (ca proces multidimensional), globalism (ca mesaj ideologic) \u015fi globalitate, inventariind faptele petrecute, constatabile. De regul\u0103, preopinen\u0163ii comit o dubl\u0103 eroare: reduc globalizarea la dimensiunea economic\u0103 \u015fi, replic\u00e2nd celor care consider\u0103 cultura global\u0103 ca omogenizat\u0103 \u015fi omniprezent\u0103, consider\u0103 c\u0103 fenomenul cultural este imun la t\u0103v\u0103lugul globaliz\u0103rii.<br \/>\nGlobalizarea r\u0103m\u00e2ne, \u00eens\u0103, o tem\u0103 tulbure, culpabil\u0103, isc\u00e2nd adversit\u0103\u0163i \u015fi reac\u0163ii alarmiste, perceput\u0103 de unii drept o extindere a pie\u0163ei (interna\u0163ionalizare), fluturat\u0103 ca sperietoare, a\u015fadar. Pentru al\u0163ii, ea pare un proces natural \u015fi, negre\u015fit, o ispititoare mod\u0103 intelectual\u0103, trezind emotivitate \u015fi gener\u00e2nd partizanate acerbe. Chiar \u00een\u0163eleas\u0103 ca un \u201evulcan conceptual\u201c (cum \u201ecircul\u0103\u201c \u00een folclorul universitar), ea r\u0103m\u00e2ne o grav\u0103 tem\u0103 de reflec\u0163ie, fie \u00een ipostaza de r\u0103u iminent, fie ca surs\u0103 de beneficii; oricum, \u201eo realitate func\u0163ional\u0103 a postcapitalismului\u201c, implacabil\u0103, anul\u00e2nd putin\u0163a de a ne sustrage unui proces \u201e\u00een mar\u015f\u201c.<br \/>\nS\u0103 fie globalizarea un proces deja \u201econfiscat\u201c? Sau, mai degrab\u0103, o tranzi\u0163ie spre ceva nedefinit, propun\u00e2nd un nou experiment (planetar, de ast\u0103 dat\u0103), nestr\u0103in de utopism, c\u00e2t\u0103 vreme societatea global\u0103 ar trebui definit\u0103, \u00een numele eco-eficien\u0163ei, pe m\u0103sura maturiz\u0103rii proiectului, ca model func\u0163ional? Presupun\u00e2nd, fire\u015fte, \u015fi un control global. Aceast\u0103 \u201einginerie global\u0103\u201c ar trebui s\u0103 evite, spun vocile lucide, devia\u0163ionismul anti-social (economicizarea), dar \u015fi \u201emondializarea intereselor unei \u0163\u0103ri\u201c, \u00een spe\u0163\u0103 americanizarea (dolarizarea), \u00een ofensiv\u0103 dup\u0103 pr\u0103bu\u015firea lumii bipolare.<br \/>\nPoate capitalismul edenizat, transna\u0163ional acum, s\u0103 atenueze conflictul dintre pia\u0163a planetar\u0103 \u015fi interesele generale? Firmele globale, prin delocalizare, sunt actorii jocului economic (pie\u0163e offshore), insensibile (deocamdat\u0103) la scenariile catastrofice. Nu e vorba \u00eens\u0103 de resuscitarea unei \u201emode medievale\u201c, ci, realmente, de acumularea unui pachet problematic (mediu, resurse, bomba demografic\u0103, arsenalul nuclear etc.), primejduind via\u0163a pe Terra. Pericolul e real \u015fi biliardul politic pare, dimpotriv\u0103, a agita paradigma conflictualist\u0103 \u00eentre\u0163in\u00e2nd vechea dorin\u0163\u0103 de a \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163i \u201etortul\u201c global. Or, \u201eamericanismul imanent\u201c (\u00een sensul monitoriz\u0103rii lumii) exercit\u0103 o teribil\u0103 presiune, globalizarea fiind \u00een\u0163eleas\u0103, astfel, ca un concept ideologic, manevrat politic-instrumental. Complexitatea lumii de azi (o lume din ce \u00een ce mai mic\u0103), p\u0103ienjeni\u015ful interconexiunilor \u015fi al interdependen\u0163elor, interna\u0163ionalizarea schimburilor, metisajul cultural conduc la o proximitate global\u0103. Sau la globalizarea satului (cum s-a spus), pornind de la celebra sintagm\u0103 lansat\u0103 c\u00e2ndva de McLuhan c\u00e2nd profe\u0163ea apari\u0163ia satului global.<br \/>\nTotu\u015fi, globalizarea r\u0103m\u00e2ne un subiect nebulos, nedefinit, ambiguu, difuz; tratat unidimensional, de regul\u0103 (economice\u015fte vorbind), f\u0103r\u0103 a beneficia de o defini\u0163ie satisf\u0103c\u0103toare din unghi sociologic. Mai ales c\u0103, reamintim, globalul nu poate exista f\u0103r\u0103 local. Iar via\u0163a lumilor locale (local life-worlds) pare primejduit\u0103 de t\u0103v\u0103lugul globaliz\u0103rii, pierz\u00e2nd stabilitatea \u015fi siguran\u0163a de alt\u0103dat\u0103. \u00cendrept\u0103\u0163it, se invoc\u0103 glocalismul (sub deviza \u201ea g\u00e2ndi global\/ a ac\u0163iona local\u201c), dar \u015fi nivelul de globalizare al diferitelor zone din asimetrica noastr\u0103 lume. \u00cenc\u00e2t, pornind de la aceste premise, efortul de a reg\u00e2ndi conceptele \u00een discu\u0163ie se anun\u0163\u0103 anevoios \u015fi vital-necesar, deopotriv\u0103.<br \/>\n*<br \/>\nSuspectat, nu f\u0103r\u0103 temei, c\u0103 ar favoriza o occidentalizare mascat\u0103, discursul universalist recunoa\u015fte, de fapt, c\u0103 modernitatea ar fi proprietatea cultural\u0103 a Vestului. Evident, aceast\u0103 extensie global\u0103, cum spunea A. Giddens, conduce, inevitabil, la o accelarat\u0103 dis-locare. Lumea e un \u00eentreg, conexitatea \u015fi complexitatea epocii oblig\u0103 la promovarea valorilor consensuale, pe de o parte; privind \u00eens\u0103 din cel\u0103lalt unghi, universalismul \u2013 ca proiect cultural \u015fi politic \u2013 are ca efect suprimarea diferen\u0163elor, st\u00e2rnind ne\u00eencredere \u015fi, \u00een consecin\u0163\u0103, reac\u0163ii potrivnice, ap\u0103r\u00e2nd localismul. Tema globaliz\u0103rii (concept, fenomen, proces, ideologie) preocup\u0103 intens \u015fi atenteaz\u0103 la suprema\u0163ia statului-container (omogen, \u00eenchis), expus eroziunii. Concept-umbrel\u0103, globalizarea define\u015fte o eviden\u0163\u0103: prin \u201edemocratizarea tehnologiei\u201c tele-planeta s-a \u201emic\u015forat\u201c, clamata ei unitate (con\u015ftientizat\u0103 doar) devine o necesitate vital\u0103 \u00een contextul noilor provoc\u0103ri. Internetul, de pild\u0103, poate fi emblema globaliz\u0103rii; revolu\u0163ia comunica\u0163iilor a impus o nou\u0103 con\u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 a realit\u0103\u0163ii, instaur\u00e2nd societatea mediatic\u0103 (re\u0163ele, fluxuri globale). Omenirea a \u00een\u0163eles c\u0103 are un destin unic, c\u0103 civiliza\u0163ia noastr\u0103 este fragil\u0103, urm\u00e2nd o spiral\u0103 a distrugerii (M. Z\u00fcrn); c\u0103, \u00een fine, ca \u201esocietate mondial\u0103 de risc\u201c, ea trebuie s\u0103-\u015fi protejeze viitorul. Deocamdat\u0103, \u00een pofida multiplelor interconexiuni, lumea de azi \u201efunc\u0163ioneaz\u0103\u201c ca o diversitate f\u0103r\u0103 unitate.<br \/>\nBine\u00een\u0163eles, con\u015ftientizarea globalit\u0103\u0163ii, inevitabil\u0103, tot mai acut\u0103 \u00eentr-o societate reflexiv\u0103, nu trebuie s\u0103 vad\u0103 \u00een global doar o exterioritate amenin\u0163\u0103toare; \u00een fond, localul \u015fi globalul nu se exclud. Mai mult, globalul p\u0103trunde \u00een spa\u0163iul propriei noastre existen\u0163e, devine parte a culturilor locale, \u00eenc\u00e2t voci lucide v\u0103d \u00een localism o strategie antreprenorial\u0103 (a\u015fa-numita \u201elocalizare global\u0103\u201c), pled\u00e2nd pentru o re-localizare \u00een context global. Iar Roland Robertson (v. Globalization, 1992) propunea chiar o inspirat\u0103 sintez\u0103 lexical\u0103, de mare circula\u0163ie, impun\u00e2nd glocalizarea, recunosc\u00e2nd fatala \u00eentrep\u0103trundere a celor dou\u0103 tendin\u0163e \u201e\u00een conflict\u201c. Transna\u0163ionalizarea locului (Maarten Hajer) \u00eenseamn\u0103 un mediu cotidian modificat prin hibridare, biotopul na\u0163ional fiind penetrat \u015fi amenin\u0163at de numeroase fluxuri migratoare (produse, tehnologii, modele).<br \/>\nRea\u015fezarea geopolitic\u0103 a lumii nu este nicidecum str\u0103in\u0103 de fenomenul globaliz\u0103rii. Fiindc\u0103, evident, proiectul globaliz\u0103rii nu trebuie judecat \u00een sine, ignor\u00e2nd contextul \u015fi consecin\u0163ele. Globalizarea, reamintea Paul Dobrescu, \u201edefine\u015fte \u015fi fixeaz\u0103 cadrul economic al societ\u0103\u0163ii contemporane\u201c, \u201eparticularit\u0103\u0163ile dezvolt\u0103rii\u201c. Iar agenda global\u0103, sub presiunea \u201econstr\u00e2ngerilor\u201c (naturale, economice, politice etc.) nu mai poate accepta acum capitalismul triumfalist, expansiv, de tip cow-boy. E adev\u0103rat, SUA, ca \u0163ar\u0103-azil, \u201ea deschis lac\u0103tul globaliz\u0103rii\u201c; dar tot America, paradoxal, tr\u0103ind mult peste posibilit\u0103\u0163ile ei reale, ca superputere \u00eendatorat\u0103, a impus direc\u0163ia consumist\u0103 \u015fi contagiosul the American Dream, beneficiind (ca putere-soft) de un imens prestigiu (atrac\u0163ie, performan\u0163\u0103, influen\u0163\u0103) \u015fi, concomitent, de un tratament ostil, demonizant, intensific\u00e2nd \u2013 la scara Planetei \u2013 antiamericanismul, odat\u0103 cu politica interven\u0163ionist\u0103. Ca motor al g\u00e2ndirii neoliberale, SUA \u201ea deschis Planeta\u201c; prin externalizarea capacit\u0103\u0163ilor de produc\u0163ie, conduc\u00e2nd la delocalizare, prin for\u0163a inovativ\u0103 (tehnologiile verzi), ritmul \u015fi volumul investi\u0163iilor \u201etigrilor asiatici\u201c, pozi\u0163ia sa de lider e amenin\u0163at\u0103. Dincolo de raportul de for\u0163e al actorilor globali, \u00een prefacere, regruparea prive\u015fte \u015fi soarta dramatic\u0103 a celor \u201emici\u201c. Declinul euforiei \u015fi \u201emizeria prosperit\u0103\u0163ii\u201c, ca realit\u0103\u0163i prezente \u015fi presante, nu mai pot fi minimalizate sau ignorate, escamot\u00e2nd cauzele. \u00cenc\u00e2t gestionarea responsabil\u0103 a inventarului crizist prive\u015fte, azi, soarta Planetei (implicit, a speciei umane) \u015fi cere o guvernan\u0163\u0103 mondial\u0103, nicidecum rezolv\u0103ri localiste. Ceea ce n-ar trebui s\u0103 conduc\u0103 la distrugerea localismului.<br \/>\nNe-am putea \u00eentreba, al\u0103turi de Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss (v. To\u0163i suntem ni\u015fte canibali), dac\u0103 exist\u0103 cale de \u00eentoarcere. Evident, nu. Specia noastr\u0103 \u2013 observa marele antropolog \u2013 pl\u0103te\u015fte pentru c\u0103 \u201ea \u00eenc\u0103lcat ordinea natural\u0103\u201c, ignor\u00e2nd alte c\u0103i\/ modele de dezvoltare. Societatea \u201efabric\u0103 entropie\u201c (conflicte sociale, lupte politice, tensiuni psihice), iar decontul este uria\u015f. Scaden\u0163a se apropie, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu prezervarea ecologic\u0103, epuizarea resurselor \u015f.c.l. Or, \u00een pofida fragmentarismului postmodern, \u00eentre\u0163in\u00e2nd relativismul cultural \u015fi agita\u0163ia entropic\u0103, lumea de azi, interconectat\u0103, a devenit un angrenaj planetar. Paradoxul e c\u0103 mondializarea (mediat\u0103) la care asist\u0103m, anun\u0163at\u0103 cu voio\u015fie de cohorta anali\u015ftilor, \u201ebeneficiind\u201c de o frenetic\u0103 exploatare comercial\u0103, nu iese din ceea ce John B. Thompson numea, acuzator, \u201emiopia prezentului\u201c. Din p\u0103cate, responsabilitatea global\u0103, con\u015ftiin\u0163a acut\u0103 a interdependen\u0163elor se \u00eenso\u0163esc cu \u201egolirea etic\u0103\u201c a vie\u0163ii publice, cu de\u015fertificarea moral\u0103. Motiv de a crede c\u0103 rena\u015fterea g\u00e2ndirii critice e cu putin\u0163\u0103. \u015ei, ne\u00eendoielnic, presant-necesar\u0103, contribu\u0163ia sociologiei fiind decisiv\u0103. Cu obliga\u0163ia re\u00eennoirii teoriilor sociologice, \u00een\u0163eleg\u00e2nd c\u0103 particularismul vs. universalismul interfer\u0103, c\u0103 ceea ce Robin Cohen \u015fi Paul Kennedy numeau Global Sociology (2007) \u00eenseamn\u0103, ca obiect de studiu, centrarea pe interdependen\u0163ele dintre local (comunitar), na\u0163ional \u015fi global. Iar postglobalizarea (societatea postglobalizat\u0103, deja prefigurat\u0103, cu fervoare teoretizant\u0103, \u00een multe scrieri), dincolo de \u201edeslimitarea obstacolelor\u201c la circula\u0163ia de bunuri \u015fi persoane, ar consfin\u0163i, cum presupune Francis Fukuyama, tocmai globalizarea democra\u0163iei. Dar, vorba unui \u00een\u0163elept, mai e mult p\u00e2n\u0103 departe&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201eNu exist\u0103 nicio ie\u015fire din capcana globaliz\u0103rii\u201c (Ulrich Beck) Preocupat de Metanarativii actuali (volum \u00een curs de publicare, afl\u0103m), dl. Andrei Marga, \u00een articolele \u00eencredin\u0163ate revistei Cultura, se \u00eentreab\u0103 \u2013 din justificate \u201era\u0163iuni factuale\u201c \u2013 dac\u0103 exist\u0103 un dincolo pentru globalizare (ca \u201eachizi\u0163ie istoric\u0103\u201c, gener\u00e2nd aversiuni \u015fi, desigur, \u201ecosturi insuportabile\u201c), aproape convins, pe urmele lui&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/globalizarea-este-reversibila\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Cite\u0219te mai mult &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Globalizarea este reversibil\u0103?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[17],"tags":[12960,12959,12957,12958,3259,12961],"class_list":["post-21436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cultura-ideilor","tag-cultura-globala","tag-dimensiunea-economica","tag-globalism","tag-globalitate","tag-globalizare","tag-globalizarea-ca-moda-intelectuala"],"views":1722,"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21436"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21436\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistacultura.ro\/nou\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}